US	l^Kffi
	1^08	|^S|fflnfl
	1	M^fel^^K TJHBwjHm v^^E^I^Hr

^f^#*IK»^*-

Hhfw

^ix- ^mmmmmK^^^i^i^

^'K^i f^^ *^ * W

i

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OE CALIEORNTA

LOSAXGErTS

GIFT OF EREDERIC THOMAS BLANXHARD

^M^^

Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive

in 2008 witli funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

Iittp://www.arehive.org/details/aldenscyclopedia04newy

ALDKN'S (•Y(L()IM:I)IA

r> i\ Kii>Ai. Li 1 1. 1; \ I I K

niESCXTTKO

DIOORArlllCAl. AM» < KITKAI. NOTlrEA. AND NrKcIMRNS

KBOM THE WKITINii.H oK KMISZST ALTIK >n-S

OP ALL AOCH AND AI.L NATIONS

Vi.)L. IV

NEW YORK

JOHN B. ALDEN. PUBLISHER

18SC

Coprri-Jit. 1G33.

CT

JCU^ n. ALDEN.

rONTKNTS OF VoMMK IV

			fAilK.
Vxmxx.. Cttt'..			rbo UafA doi
lUlU^.			• 0
CKKMkn	/.-.	.r .ai»'in WW.	•- < •.! (be t*rBttUnn.-
Jv-lt I	■•	•	- 14

UauUnl Ottipat^t*-— l-^OAi 1

Cart o(

at»

1

H).

owl

-U

Cal vtn f..r

('ALVCIi:

toll. — An:

• "AL'viy, Jou-N

fcUlutM.-Tiic 1 1 .v|-« of CmI

■■If.

'•r«(il-, aboui tVt ilc iiiton of Athona -For cle-

' — • i»roi». •bcMit 380 at* t

. .. . ini- »-IJoes

1,1. r . IVkl -Wa."Uuxi|f-

' Ihr in- . . n.^u-^l uii.t Uio Knowl 1 Will iinil f'h"k>« - Th«>

< JIM i>K.N, Wiijojm. {Ettffl.. loOI-ICbS >— Tlio iMTiraUoii of tho naxuo Bntaiii, .....

i'xu ca<iN. Vua-vKV liDvnr. {Engt , IMl i— Havoc of

th»" Slave trailo in Ihe InUjrior of A/rii*a.— Trade and Biksiiifssat Kawt-IA.—Aii African IVtU^rat Work. - King Kiv,>i.>ii(fo of Uruo.— BurL-U of a Chief of l"rua.- .\ Portu?iies>« Slave-lmntor. -.\ Slaru Caravan. — .\pproai-hing th«' IVirtujrufse Coast,

CAMocfS'kamadns". Lrxs nK. it'orluyurtr, l5i4-15Ty. » - A Siomi (It fyw Th<» Spirit f( tin- Capo - On tho

41 M

57

79

G8-31)S;i

4 CONTENTS.

PAGK.

Death of Cntliariiia ilo Atuiy<la — <>n tin* Sam-.— On tho Death of ;v Uidy in her Youth, - • JT

Campax (kon'pftiii. .Ifusxr. Iajcisk tOKMCHTi. iKi , 17M IS^ra.)- Eti<|iii'tto at th" Court of IxiuIm XVI.--Jl«ri<- Antoinette In lYison, - - - - W

CAMPnr.i.i. lenin'lH'l oreant'el), AIXXAXDCU. <.l»i<-r.. 17K>- ISO« i-Mi'iii<iry, ..... lOI

Campdhij, (euni'lM'li>r enin'eh, (lEOBGE, i.Sei>r, ITIft ITIK) ) - Christianity mill it-s (J|>i)oneuts, • • - lOii

CAilPDru. <ea:trJ)el nr eain'eh, Uelo. ( .liiirr.. 1K33- .>

A I»n;f Island Village. - - - 104

C.VMPrE:.!. (cain'lH-l nr eanreh, I>jBn Joii.v. (//r*/,, 1T70 IMtSI.)- The Dealli of \YoLs«'y.- Fmn^•l^ Ua«-oii ut the HeiKliI "f his lVo«perily. <'lan>nil<>n'<< IH>rt<>r>- nf tlie KeJ)elHon. I'haraeier «>f r>.>r<l Sixners. .V Olinni^' of Lord Thurlow. ■ - • • - 106

CAUPBCi.Lic.-irTi'lH.''. or eam'eK, Tromaa. ( liril.. ItTT-lftM. t lIoiK', th<" C'h*ni>er of Iliunan I. ' ".' ' -i of

India. The ItrilJith in Ir.dia. •u

tion. - The I:nii nl.i\.r II, .i. \\ nl

•legrave. Ye " \.:i I. The JVildler'*

Druani.-A Dri! . I^ast Man, lit

CAX'M.va, QcoRaE, kEiujL. i;ro-|t<27.i Inscription for MrA Drov.nrlKKS Cell.— Kogeroij Sontr. - un the Deatli of iii.s cidetit Son, • - • VH

C.iXTU (kautoo'^ Ceiuuic <//ii/., is^v .> -TrUl.s <>f JIarKherila, V»

I'APELvkay'plei, TBoMAd Juux, {Kngl., IHai^ .> Tlie I-lHtalilishineut of the Vii;ih|e Chiiivh. The (irowth of i\w c"h!irrh.--< >idei.n (.nd Jnri.siiii-tiiin i;i tie- Church. -The Uoity and rerjietuily of tlie Chiireh. U'l

CAnnw (karoo' I, TnoM.v ;. iEifjL. l.*»33-in30 •— Diiwhiin ivturucd.— Hi-^l and White lloseft.— Au Epitaph.— The Spring.— Ask i:'.e no more, - • - - 133

Cx'iinY, IIexky C>iAnt.E8, KAmer.. 1793-l«r9. >— TIio flntt Cultivctor, - - - - - - IJ2

Ca'bey, Matthew, (Amer., 17CO-1K30 > -Tlie FV-jupi of the Olive y?»-n»ieA.— FjToni of the I>;iii<-RTiiti)! Party. - Errors of the Federal Pany. Tiii- ^tni^Rlo for Ofilcc, -----.. 14IJ

C'AR-i.Ex'. Emilia Flygahi, «. .it-eti.. IHUi- .>— A Night in the Forest, ------ 154

Cakle'tox, \Vii>L. <.1mio-., Iftt.V . >— Uotseyand I arc out.— The Fireman's Storj-, .... i^^

Carle'ton. WiLiJ.VM. arisA,1793-18C0.>— The Sick Scholar. —Household Charms, - - . . . jcs

Carlisle (liar hle't. Ear:, or, (Kiujl., 18DiI-186I.»— The Mosquo of St. Sophia, - - - - 1 74

Cablyle (karlile't, Jaxe Welsh, (.S<-o/., 1S)1-18GG.>— Upon Thomas Carlyle.— Carlyle's Epitaph for his Wife.- • Mrs Harold Skimjio!.-. Tho l.nmt Chapti-rs rf th»

fONTENTS r,

l*A<iE.

h\<itrh /iVr.,/uh"rt)l.-<arlyIos IxMlun-h.- I) t )rsfty aiul Ji'ffivy DiulM^Uf l)<tw»i'n Oif Hinl tuid tin- Wiiu-li. ITi'i fAULVu: (kur liU«'t, John Aitkix. i.Sr.<r, i%.ii>^i8:8 > Duiito uiul liiM Workk. TIk' Traiislaturx Aim uii<i Metliinl.— The I«if«-nit>, a« |)iolun>l tiy l>aiilf -Iinntc

UUii lliu y>M'/l4ii Coilliitrflnl. .... JU7

("a!:i •■■ ■ ' '■■■ '■' "■ ' ' .-•■.■ ( ,

!■

|>uttwk.-kijien>»u ^i i'rvlitf' to ■•vtrtor tirmirtuji — ('lotlu-H auJ tlu'ir Si^iiiliciiiK*!'. tm I'liiiivii Cloiltm. On (ilixsls. TJu« Vnlj^llctory t.f .StnhirlCrmiHut.- Thf Ik-atli Ik'iI of Louis XV, -Tli«- Kiusi of rik.-s ami

•''■ 1. . . . . ■ . . . ... ,1 ,.,j„

I • ih.-

1- - < rvmi

well Knjrlaud r.fi«'r I'lxiinv.'ll 1 t.^R>>

lion. -The /yi«.-r-</.iy /\i.ii/>A/.7i« i I IJl

omtiiri<.--T1io IVn unit th«« SwonI c <>iit|iU'iion of hWritrirk thi (irrat. —CarhU' «l Slontoni* Honorti ami I'i'nhlon il«vlin<Hl.~<T«rlyl«* sl.nsi wriKen Wonln. 191 CAn'.vcoiK, Anohew, iAmrr., 1Kl\ .) -SM*kintf n Sew

" TIk- Ilrst upwartl Step Hut - '- •' -•

' >U\ Worl.l uiui till' N«'w._( lanii Wcaltli of tin- li.r Nalioiia and one l\t>p!i', .... ^jij

tUirr'wKiiiHT, WiijjAM. (/.'-ly/ . ion I81S ton iJen J<tu- Kun.-iMi a Lady whodiiii liuddeuly. • iU

Ca'ky, Ai.i.x, Ift?' l!<r;.and I'lMn". I*;i 1<CJ. i .4nicr.>-At l»f.i.-..ii Wlmn.M ~ - 111' •^s.-I^iriii Uf.».-

I'iilUiis ..rM.-l-i.'t \ I r»\ llij; Hyiun.-

l'u'ld riVUolilln:.-t)ur ii.i:...-!.;. an .N'tvuxrr Jioini*, :!(! I'A uv. IIkmcy Fhami.";, \KiiijI.. 17T-J |J»M v-Tl:e llj»trano«> to llu< Iuf«*rno, ..... oj;!

C".»»-TEL ijui' Kuiuo. iSptllt.. ISSS- . ) Tb« IVupllctii and Siliyl^ of llto.Ststiuo t'iiapei. • US5

Cat i.ix.iJroRr.n. i.lmfr.. lTW-I87!!.i-\lAndiin Customs in Regard to tho I>ead, ..... 359

CA-Tt"i.'LX-«, Cmis Valkki; ii. i/foni., 87 17 ac. (-Dedica- tion to t'ornelius Ne|)os.-HU CV»untr>' IIoiL«e at Sin:iio.-C>n Quintiaap.d Ijesliia. On hLsowu I>ove. - Sappho's die, - - - - - 368

C'ax TON. WiLUAM. ifTdj/., liJ-i HtK-i-The two Masters of .\rt.<s. ....... .jrwi

C'EXTLIVUE (sent-lec'ver 1. Sis.iS.SAH. < Hrit.. ICTO- 17J:Ji, Cti7

Cervantes Saavedr-v. ichor- van' tes-sa-vay'drxih» Miciei. DK, i.SjKin., 1547-1610 )—Mambrino'8 Helmet.— Don Qui- xote's .Vdvjco to Saucho I'auza, ... -^x? CnADBoriCJE. I'Arn AssKi., iAincr.. 1&2V 1S63 »— .\pparpnt I'oiTthonghtin PLidUs .... 'r^;

<'HAl»'WK-K, JonX WhITI:. ^Am-r '<\'< iiri^.

|I:e^l. - Ily ihf Sea shon-, -,•77

f, fONTKNTS.

C'UAL>iERSM'Jm\Viiitirz "-• tImrmrTZ'. Thomas, iSco ., 1780- 1*17 )-rii<» Rtiprr-inncj- of roiis«'ii«ni'«'.-Th»' Ivibor of Pisbelief.— C'om|)nrative Insigniflennoi*t>f this Earth, 27T>

CBAMHEHf", HoBERT. (.S<»/.. IPC'-lSCl i-Thc Hl-lilan<lpni at the Battle of rullolen.-'Du" I't-xtiije" >•/ crmtion. Theory of Prof:n*wdve r>«'ve|opment.— Kbhs ami Flows hi '^>r(raiiie Development.- Possible Oripjii of the liiininn Species. -The .Ment;iI('oiistitiiti<>ii of Man aiiil Aiiiiuals, ...... ;5W

CHAM1.S.SO (shahiiie«''soi, Adai-bkrt von. (ttenn., 1781- 18:j« I— The Tiaiisfer of Si'hlenilhls Shallow.— The Lion's UHile.— Last Sonnets. - - - iSW

C'HANNINO. WlIJ.IAM KlLXRY, {Amrf, irS0-lW2.i-TJie

Phllos«ipliicul Miiul, -Napoleon l(..nni>arte.-l'oetry.— ThoURJit, 3M

C'HA'PIN. Eowi.v HlUDI^l.t., (.Hm.-i-. lSl4-IS»0.)-Soc(«l Forces, ....... 317

• HAP MAN. liE«>iUiK. i/-."/iy/.. KVi!' IWI r-The Grief of An- • Ironuu-h". -Hetniion "f Soul and llotlv.- .V Omxl Wifi- -PeditutK.n of tlie/Z/aif. - - Sl'.t

(HAeoxr. ishiih-iione >. llK»rrKn, (Kital- IWT-lWl.)— Po- liteness, .....•- 824

t'HABi.K-x. Ki.i/.AUKTii. lA'iiff/ . 18:" luinntj r>r a

Ji'Mrney. ... • - 3X,

CiiA.SLr.s ishnhl'. VIl^on r.iii.AKCTK. ^^V., ITW 1878.>— French I'huiiicterislics, .... !WB

<"llATKAfBRI.\:*I>islia-lo'l(reinii, FBANf-01.H|{K>ft,i FY.. 1700 IHIS )- The Wniiileriiti^.s of C'hactusaiid Atala. .Jenne Fille et jeune Fleiir. ..... ."ijj

«'iiat'tei:-ton. Tiiom.v.s, yK-iyl , ir53-irrO.)-The Min- streiie's Son),'.— .Vn excelenle Rilade of Charilie.-- Freedoin : u C'hc)ni:>, ..... 33:,

(."HAVCEit (chaw'ser), riKoi-Furv. (Fuyl . 1 110-1 lilO.) - Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. -The Knight. - The .Siuire.— The Prioress.— The Oxford Clerk.— The Sergeant of Law.— The Franklin.— The >ie<ieoiner.- The Parson.— The Host of the Tabard.-Kmilye in the Ciarden.— On I'overty.- The Death of Virguiia.- Griselda restored to her Children, - - -.111

CHEn'vEK, George BARREtj., (.4nic/-.,-lSo7 .The

Merde Glace.— A View of Mont Blanc, - - 357

Chee'ver, IIexry Theodore, (.Imtr., iSii- The

Caldron of Kilauea, ... - - 30)

Cherbvuez Ccher-bu-li-ay''(, Victor, tFr., :Sa2- .>— .V simple llousehuld.— Meta as Governess, - 353

Chese'bro, Carou.ve, (Aiiicr., 1.S25-1873. »— Liviii>; by System, - - - - - - - :;71

Chester-field, E.VRL of, (&ifir/., 1001-177:1. — On Self- Control.— iDii Good Bree<ling, - - - 37ii

Chjakrera (ke-ah-bray'rahi, (faukieli.o, (/^l/.. !.V/.I

IIVST.' -Til lii>; ^listress"-; Lips .\n Kpit.Tph. :!>*>

CONTESTS. •

r.v'ii:. Child, Lvdia Maku (Foascis). {Amtr.. 18«-18W).j- Humble Orav.-s -A little Waif.-To Whittieron his

seventieth Uirtlulay, ^^"^

Cbilung-woktii. Wiluam. (£i.g/.. 1602-lMl t-Chilling- worth's lYtHHl. < )n liisCliangi\s of Faith.-The Use of Force in ll»'liKioiL; Matters.-L'pon iJuelliuK, - 3^

Choate (choUM.'Kuris, (.4Hur.. lTW-l»i-.0.»-Tnie Patriot- ism.-Daniel Webstar. -The llJtfriui FatJiere of New

England. ^3*

C'HOR'LEV. HeSRY FoTHERCIlX, (Euj//., 1808-18?2.)-Iu

Nurenibcrf,' -The HravoOltlOftk, - • «»

Canv.sosToM (krl.s-os'tonit, Jons. iOrrck, Sri7-k>7. )-Paul and Timothy —Why ihen» were fi>iir Evanjrelists.— On the 1 !■ ' = - • Kye

for ttii I •'<*•■

Pea«:ebiii ~ •• ■- - '■"*•""

The AiK..stle Jolm— Plato. PjthaKoni-s, and John.— JeMis al the Well of Syihar.-The Son hath Life In Himself. -The Departure inl.) the Parts of Tiberias.— The bread of Life.— The Eucharist, - - 380

CiiiRCHiu. <.-iiARi.K.s, itUnl., irai iro».>-Yate.<. Ihj Actor. -Quin. the Actor. -<iarrick.~ Scotland and the

Scotch. <'•

CiB'BEB. CoLLKY. ( Eiigl . 1071 -1737. )-The Blind Ikiy, 420

Cicr.no. (sls'e ro>. MAuns Ti'i-urs, (Rom. lOG-W d.c.)- l*ublic Tribute to the Ixvions -On tireatnes.s of Mind.-On ConUnipt of IValh.- Public Duties- Public Affairs, 00 Bi-.-In Exlle.-Death of Cotsar- Mark Anto«iy and iVtavias .... iCl

CuiRK. John. (AT'ig' . 173:1- !!»».'- What I nm who cares or knows ?_Si>rinK Flowers -July. -The Thrush's

Nest. ■*»

Clar'e.n DON 1 Kdwarh IIydki. F.aiu- or. tEngl., Ifl06-1«74.» -The Character of Charles I -The Character of Cromwell.-The Character of Ilamixlen.-ThcCharac-

terof Lord Falkland. «3

CiaRETiE ikhir a-teo.> JiLK^ .Vr-vai-d. (Fr. ISIO- .)-

Trial and Execution of Lucille lK-s:noulins. • 454

CL.ARE. Simeon Ticker. (.4m<'r . . ISSC- .)-Mania Trans

itoria -.Vster uuil Golden-Kod.-September. tC)

CuiRK. Willis Gayu>rd. (-Imfr, lSJ(>-18U.)-The Burial

Place at Laurel Hill-Seek Early.-To my Boy. 402 Clarke, Adam. (Bn7 . 1760-183-2 p-^Tlarke at Eighteen.- Aimsand Methods of his Commentary. -Close of the Commentary. ...--- 463 Clarke, James Freem.*x, (.4mer., 1810- .>-Material- ism and the Existence of a Soul.-How Relipions decay.— Cana.-Jacob's Well.— White-capped Waves, 471 Clarke, McDonald, (.4mcr., 17»S-l&4-2.)-The Grave- yard. *''^

CTCLOPEDTA

OF

UNIVERSAL LITERATURE.

CABLE, GEOKfiE W., an American novolist, born at Now Orleans in 1S41. His fatlu-r'a death eonipelleil liini at nn early ago to leave school, and obtain a clerkship. In l^^UiJ ho cnlisteU in the Confederate army, and at tho close of the war, retnrned to New Orleans, and engaged in mercantile business, which he abandoned in ISTO in oiiler to devote himsdf to authorship. He has published Old Creole Days, The Gramli^imes, Mddume Delphine, Dr. Sevier, The Silent Soitih, and a History of Xew Orleans.

THE CAFK DES EXILLs.

That which in 1S35 — I think he said thirty-five — was a roaUty in the Rue Burgunily — is now but a reuiinisoenco. Yet so vividly w:ls its story told me, that at Ihi::. moment the old Cafe des Exiies appears before my eye. lloatinj; in the elouds oi revi-rio. and I doubt not I see it just as it was in the old times.

An antiquated story -and-a-half Creole co'.tage, sitting right down on the banquette, as do the Choctaw squaws who sell bay and sassafras and life-everlasting, witli a high, close board fence Bhuttmg out of view the diminutive garden on the southern side. An ancient willow droops over the roof of round tiles, and partly hides the discolored

10 GKURin-: \V. CABLK.

htiioco, wliirh ke^>ps »lrt)ppinjc ofi into the p:arden as tliouRh tlio old cafe wxs stripping for the plunge into o!>liviou — clii-roljinf^ for it'i execution. I yeo, well U{) in tlio angle of tlic l»roa'l side gable, shaded by its rude a^vning of claj>-lH>ard.H, as tho eyed of an old thiino are i<hade<l l>y her wrinkled hand, the window of Pauline. Oh. for the image of tho maiden, wi-re it but for one luoinent, lean- ing out of tho ca.ieiuent to luing luT nux'king-bird and looking down into the giinlen— when\ alx)ve the barrier of old boanls, I see tho top of tho lig- tree, tho jxale-greon clump of bananas, tlic tall palmetto with its jagged crown. Pauline's own two orange-trees holding up their handi; toward the window, heavy with the pnunisrs of autumn ; the broad, rrim.st)n nukss of the jnany-stennne<l oleander, and the crisp Iniughs of the potnegranato loaded with freckle<l np;«ies, and with hcru and there a lingnritig F.c;irlet blu-Mim I

The CaJ'- (ht Kcil)», t«» uix.* u ligure, llowere<l, bore fruit, and dropped it long ago ; or. ratlier. Time and Fate — like some uncursed Adam and Eve — came side by side and cut away its clustens, as wo sever tho golden burden of the Ixmana from its stem ; then, like a banana which has l>omo its fruit, it was razed to the groun<l, and mado way for a newer, brighter growth. . , . It waa in ISSS that the Cafe detj Exiles w;is, as one might say, in full blossom. Old il. D* Hemecourt. father of Pauline, and host of tho cafe, himself a refugee from San Domingo, waa the cause, at least tho human cause, of its ojKMiing. As its white-cur- tained, glazed doors expanded, emitting a little pnfi t>f his own cigarette smoke, it was iiko tho bur.-^tingof catalpa blossoms, and the exiles came like bees, pushing into the tiny room to sip its ricli variety of tropical syrup?, it^ lemonades, its orangeades, its orgeats, its barley-watei"s. and its outlandish wines, while they talked of dear home — that is to say of Barbadoes, of Martinique, of San Domingo, and of Cuba.

There were Pedro and Benigno, and Fernandez and Francisco, and Benito. Benito was a tail, swarthy man. with immense gray moustachios.

GEORGE W. CABLE. 11

ami hair or. harsh ns tropical grass and p^ay aslion. Whi-n ho coultl uniro his rigarotto from his Hps, ho woiiM li'il you ill a cavernoiia voice, and with a wrinkU'ilsinili'. that lu? was "at-thorty-sovong."' There w;i.s Marliiuzof San l>oiuingo, yellow r.« a canary, al\va_\s silting with one leg curle<l luulor bini, nnil holding the baek of his head in his knitted Ihiger-. against the liaek of his roL-king chair. Falljcr, mother, l.rother. sistci-P. all, hail l>oen ina.s.saeriHl in the .struggle of '21 and 'x'^ ; lie alone was left to ti'U the tale, and told it often, with thui .strange, infantile insensibility to the so- leniniiy of iiii livreavenient so jx>i-uliar to Latin people.

But lK«sidcs these, and many who nccil no men- tion, there were two in jiartieular. urounil whom all tho story of the I'afe de.s Exdes, of old M. D'Hemeeourt and of I'uuline, turns n.s on a douhlo centre. Fir.-t. M:inuel Mazaro. who-se small rest- less eyes were-iu; hlack and bright a.s tlu>.^e of a mouse, v.hobo light talk U^came his dark girlish face, and vhoso rfdumlaut. Ixks curleil so pret- tily anil CO wonderfully black under the line white brim of his j.iunty Panama. Ih- h.nd tho hands of a woman, bavo that the nails were 8taine<l with the smoke of cigarettes. Ue could pkiy the guitar delightfullr. and wore his knife down U^hind hLs coat collar. Tho second was "Major" Galaha<l Shaughnessy. I imagine I can see him. in his white duck, braso-huttoned roundabout, with his sabeiless belt j)eej>ing out l)eneath, all his boyish- ness in his sea-blue eyes, leaning liLrh.tly against tho door-post of the Cafe des Exiles as a cliild leans againbt his mother, running his fmgei-s over a Ixisketful of fragrant limes, and watolung his chance to strike some solemn Creole under the fifth rib with a good old Irish joke.

Old D'Hemecourt drew him close to his bosom. The Spanish Creoles were, as the old man termed it, both cold and hot, but never warm. Major Shaughnessy was wai-m, and it was no uncommon thing to find those two apart from the others, talking in an undertone, and playing at confidantes like two 6chool-g:irlK. The kind old man was at

Iv' (iF.()R''iK \V. I Vf.l.K.

lliis time drifting <K>-*«.' "1> »^' l"-" sixtif-th yenr. TliPiv w;is much h<» (•<niM lell (<t San Uomiiigo. whithrr he had 1)een rarried froui Martiniciuo in liis cliildhood, whence he ha<l becDme a refufree to Cuba, and thence to New Orleans in the flight of 1809.

It fell one day to Manuel Maz.iro's lot to dis- cover, by saunterinp vritJiin ear-shot, that to Cialahad Shauirhnessy only, of nil the children of the Cafe des Exili's, the gi)0«l luwl pjioke long and confiilentially concerning his daughter. The words half heard and magnified like objects seen in a fog. meaning Mainiti M:iwiro knew jiot what, but nia<le portentous bv his suspicious nature, were but the old man's recital of the grinding h«* had got Ix'tween the millstones of his poverty and his jiride. in trying so lung to sustain, for lit- tle P.-uilinc's sake, that attiHide U-fore hociety which earns respect from a surface-viewing world. It was while he was telling this that Manuel Ma7.r.ro drew rear ; the old man jiaused in an em- barrassed way ; the Major, sitting pidcwiscln his chair, lifted lu>v che<'k from its resting-place on his elbov.-; and Mazaro, after standing an awkwanl moment, turned away with such an inward feel- ing as one may guess would arise in a heart full of Cuban blood, i.ot unnuxed with Indian. . . .

Now there are jealousies and jealousies. Tliere are people who rise up »|uickly and kill, ai.d there nreothen;who turn tlu'irb.ot thou jrhts over silently in their minds, as a brooding bird turns her eggs in the nest. Tims did M.anuel Mazaro. .'ind took it ill that Galahail KlK>uld see a vision in the tem- ple while he and all the brethren tarried without. Pauline had Ix-en to the Cafe des Exiles in some respects what the image of the A'irgin wa.s to their churches at home ; and for her father to whisper her name to one and not to another was, it seemed to Mazaro, as if the old man. Avere he a sacristan, should say to some single worshiper, " Here, you may have this ^ladonna ; I make it n present to you.*' Or. if such was not the handsome young Creole's feeling, such at least was the disguise his jealousy put on. If Pauline was to be handed

GEOKUL W. LABLE. 18

down from lu-r niche, why. tlifii. larowell, C'afo des Exiles. She was its preserving influence, bho made the place holy ; she was the burning candles on the idtar.

She was seldom seen ; but sometimes, when the longing exiles wiuild Im? sit tini; in their aft«'rnoon cirele undi-r the eaves, and some old man would tell his tale nf (ire and Mood ami capture and cs- caiK". .ind tlie lii-adw would lean forwanl fn>m the chair-backs, and a great stillness would follow the ending of the story, oKl M. I)'iIemei-oui t would all at cmco sj^n^ik up and say, laying his hiuids upon the uarr.itorV knee, *' Comnule, your throat is dry, hero are frehh limes ; let my dear cliilil hei-self make you a lemonarle." Thi'U the neigh- bors, tiitting about their doors, would by and by softly Kiy, "See, lico ! there is Pauline !" and all the exiles would rise fnmi their r^icking-chairs, tako oft their hats and stand as nun in church, while Pauline came out like the moon from u cloud, descended the three steps of the cafe door, and stood with waiter and glass, like liebccca with her pitcher before the swarthy wanderer.

What tales that would liave been tear-com- jKdling. nay heart-rending, had they not been palpable inventions, the pretty, womanish Ma- zaro from time to time jxiure«l forth, in the ever ungratilied hope that the go<ldess might como down with a draught of nectar for him, it prolitt'th not to recount : but I should fail to show a family feature of the f'afe des Exiles did 1 omit to say that these nuUce-lxdieve adventures were heard with every mark of resi)ect and credence ; while. »m the other hand, they were never attempted in the presence of the Irishman. He would have moved an eyebrow, or made some liarely audiblo bound, or dropjx'd some seemingly innocent word, and the whole comp;my, spite of themselves, would have smiletl. Wherefore it may l>e doubted whether at any time the curly haired young Cuban had that playful affection for his Celtic comrade which a habit of giving littl* velvet taps to Gala- Lad's che<!k made a show of. — Old Creole Days.

14

CiEDMON'.

C.ED M ON, nn Anglo-Saxon monk of Whitby, the fii-st writer of note of whom there arc any remains who composed in his own language. lie is said tu have died about SCO. According to the legend which has been transmitted to us by the Venerable Bede. bo was employetl as cowherd to the convent ; and on one occasion ho had left the dining hall, and gone to the stable, where ho had fallen asleep. Suddenly a stranger appeared, and said to him, '*OednK>n. sing me something." — " I know nothing to sing." replied the monk. — "Nay,"' said the stranger, "but thou hast something to sing " -" What must I sing V asked Caidmon. — ''Sing the Creation." i-e- plied the celestial visitant. Thereupon, con- tinues the legend, 'Cai'dmon began to sing these verses, which he ha 1 never heard be- fore ;■'

OS TMK CRE.VTION.

jVu iro sccoinn hrrian

hcofon-ricrs iccard,

tnetodex inihtc,

and h.i.i tno(t-r)fthnnc.

iceret tr:tldor ftvder .'

svca lie icundi-a gehtrccs.

tee dryhtcn

oord onxtcaldr.

lie arcst ge-sc'op

ylda beamy tin

heo/un to hri'ifc,

haliif ccyppcnd .'

Tlui v.iiddan geanl

vxon-rynnes ircard,

rce dryhtett,

(vfier tcodc,

firum foldan,

/rca cclmihtig.

Nov.- v.c shall pmlse

l!i'> puardian of henven.

Jin- i:ii;rht of t!io creator

.iml liis eoun.seI,

cJio ckirj-fotbt-r of men

li'.nv ho of all vrondcra,

tlic itema! I:"ird.

fiimie<l the bofrinning.

He first created

for the children of men

hL-aveii .xs a rr>of,

t!ic holy creator I

Then the Arorld

the fcuanlian of mankind,

the ctemallord.

l>ri>ducc(l afterwards,

the earth for men,

the clmighty master '.

The legend goes on to cot forth the pro- gress of the enlightenment t)f Ca?dmon, the result being that, in the judgment of all who heard him he had "received the gift of song from Heaven." He thereafter composed many poems based upon Bible histories. The fol-

JULIL'S C.EbAR. J5

lowing, rendered into modcrii luiglisb is given ill Turner's Anglo-Saxons:

SATAN'S HOSTILITY.

The universal Iltilcr hail of tUo anj3:clic rncc, through luH Imixl-power — the holy Lonl ! — a fort- ress cstablislietl. To tlioin lie well trusted that they hi.s service would follow, would do his will. For thia he p;avc them uiuli'i-standing, and with his hands ina<lo them. Tiie holy Lord had bta- tioiuil them so happily, Ono he had so strongly iiiadt', so mif^hty in his mind'ij thought, he let him rule so Tuueh — the highest in Heaven's king- dom ; ho h;:il made him .so splendid, so U^autiful was hiii fruit in Heaven, wliich (o him came from the Lord of Hosts, that ho was like the brilliant stars. Praise ought ho to have made to his Lord ; he should liavc valued dear his joj's in Heaven ; he shoidd liave thanked his Lord for the bounty whicli in that brightness ho slmrtMl, whcu ho was permitU'd so long to govern. But he departed from it to a woi-se thing. He began to upheave strife against the Governor of the highest heav- ens that sits on the holy seat. Dear was he to our Lord; from whom it could not be hid that his angel Ix'gan to bo over-proud. He raised himself agaiui't his nnister ; hetought inllamiugsjK'cches; he lx>gan vainglorious wonls ; ho would not serve God : hoi^iid he was his eipial in light and shining ; as white aiul as bright in asi>ect ; nor could he find it in his mind to render obedience to his God ; and that of Iwmself he could have subjects of more might and skill than God. Spake many more words this angel of ]>ride. He thought that through these lie could make a more strong-like seat higher in the heavens.

C.^SAR, C.virs Jrurs. a Roman states- man, si^ldier, and author, born July 12th, 100 (or, according to some reckonings, 102) B.C., died. March l.')th, 44 B.C. Of the political and military life of Caesar, we can here give only a bare outline, touching merely upon a few of its sahent point.-. It involves the story of

16 JULIUS C^SAR.

fully a quarter of a centun.' of tho most mo- montous years in the -world's history. He sprang from a famous Roman family ; dis- tinguished himself as an orator, and Avas held by his contemporaries as second only to Ciccrt). The commencement of Ixis political life may bo properly dated at 7i 15. c, -when he Avas elected pontifex, and soon attached himself to the party of I'ompey — which may be styled the democratic in distinction from the aristocratic party in Rome. In CG B.C. he was elected to tho curulo a'dileship, and gained great pojjularity by the immcn.se sums ■which he lavi.shcd upon public buildings and poptilar h-hnw.'?. In ('.3 B.C. he was chosen as Pontifex Maximus, and soon afterwards as prretor. At this time occurred the conspiracy of Catiline, and the ari.stocratic party vainly endeavored to por.suado the cousid, Cicero, to include Ca:>sar among those proscribed as con- spirators. In CO B.C. Ca-sar was elected con- sul, and in 50 he in conjunction with Pompey and Crassus formed the i)olitical coalition which is commonly known as the First Triumvirate.

Upon the expiration of his consulship, Ca'sar received the govemoi-ship of tho prov- inces of Gallia Cisali>ina and Gallia Transal- pina. Beginning in 58 B.C. Caesar conducted for nine yeai-s the series of splendid military campaigns, of which he himself is the histo- rian, and which have given him a place as one of the three greatest generals of antiquity — the others being Alexander of Macedon and Hannibal of Carthage. At the close of this period Caesar was by all odds the most power- ful man in the Roman State. Pompey be- came jealous of him, and went over to the aristocratic or Senatorial party. The Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army, upon pain of being declared an enemy of the State.

JULIUS C.^SAK. il

Upon his refusing to do .so, war way declared against him, and Ponipoy was placed at the head of the forces. Caesar thereupon crossed the Rubicon — a small Italian stream, the iden- tity of which is not altogether rcrUiin -which separated Itixly from the provinces which had been assigned to Cro.sar, and thus inaugurated the civil war. This passiige of the Rubicon took place about the middle of January, 49 n.r. Pompey was worsted at every point, and in three months C'u'sar was imdisi)uted ma.ster of the whole of Italy. Pompey, how- ever, managed to get together a i)owerful army from the E:vst. Ciesar retreated to Pharsalia in Thes.s:dy closely followed by Pompey, whose force (about 00,000 nu-n) wa.s more than double that of Ca>s;ir. A battle took place here. August 0, 18 n.c., in which Pompey was utterly routed. Ca'SJir r(nurn<*d to Rome, and was fonnally invested with all the highest functions of State, which he exer- cised with great moderation for four j'ears. Among his most not^iblc public acts was thu reformation of th(^ Roman calendar, which was carried into elTec-t in 10 b.c. A conspira- cy was formed against him, the leading con- spirators being Brutus and Caysius; and Caesar was ass:issinated in the forum on tho 15th of March, 44 B.C., at the age of fifty -six. according to the most common reckoning, but perhaps two years more.

Caesar was a voluminous author. The titles of numerous works of his have been pre served; the only ones, however, of which more than fragments remain are the Com- mentaries on the Gallic and the Civil Wars, which are universally esteemed as master- pieces of their kind. The Commentary on the Civil Wars, however, as we have it, is quite fragmentary, and some doubts exist as to its genuineness. The life of Caesar has been

18 JITLIUS CESAR.

written by Plutarch and Suetonius, among the nncicnts, and by Napoleon III. and Fronde among the moderns. lie, of course, occupies a large space in all the Histories of Rome, which treat of hiy period, notably in those of Merivale, Long, and Mommsen. -The cxtract.s which "\vo give are Avhnlly from the Gallic War, the ti'anslation being that of Bohn.

BRITAIN AND ITS I.NUADITANTS.

The interior portion of Britain is inhabited by those of whom tlu-y say lliat it is Iianrhnl down by tradition that tlu-y were born in t!ie i.shmd it^self : the maritime portion by tliosr* who hadjia-ss^'d over from the country of the Eel>,'nc< for tiie purjwso of plunder and making war ; almost all of wliom are called by the names of those states from wliich lx>ing sprung they went thither, and having waged war, continueti there, and Ix'gan to culti- vate the lands. The numlier of tlio i^eoplo is counties?, and their buildinj;^ exceedingly numer- ous, for tho most part very like tiiose of the Gauls : the luimlxr of cattle is great. Tlvy use either brass or iron rings, determined at a certain weight, as their money. Tin is produced in the midland regionr? ; in the maritime, iron ; but the quantity of it is small : they employ brass, which is imported. There, as in (raul, is timber of every description, except boech and fir. They do not re- gard it lawful to eat tho hare and tho cock and the goose ; they, however, breed them for amuse- ment and pleasure. Tlie climate i.s more temper- ate than in CJaul, the colds being less severe.

Tho island i-j triangular in its form, and one of its sides is opposite to Gaul. One angle of this side, which is in Kent, whither almost all ships from Gaul are directed, looks to the east ; tho lower looks to the south. This side extends about 500 miles. Anotlier side lies towards Spain and the west, ou wliicli part is Ireland — less, as ir, reckoned, than Britain, by one-half ; but the pas- sago from it into Britain is of equal distance with that from Gaul. In Ibo nafddl?? of tki? vbrbtc h

JULIUS LV5SAR. 19

an island, whk-h is ciilK^d Mmia : many smaller islnndfl l)esi<lf.s are supposetl lu lie lliero, of which islands soiuo have written tliat at the time of the wint«>r st>lstifc it id night tlu re for thirty con- secutive Hays, "Wo, in our inquiries atxiut that matter, ascertained nothing except tiiat, by accu- rate nie.isureinents with the clepsydra, wo per- ceived thi^ nitrhts to ho shorter tiiere tljan on tlie continent. Tlie lenj^tli of tlii.s side, tin their ac- count states, is7(K> tnilos. The third side i.. townrd the north, to which jtortion of the islami no land Is opj)osite ; hut an an^lfof that side looks jjrinci- pally towards (lernmny. Tliis t^ido in considered to l)c W)0 niiles in lengtli. Tliu.s ti»e whole island is about 2,0(M> niiie^ in circumference.

The ini»st civilized of all the.M.* nations are they who inhaliit Kent, which is entirely a jnaritinie district, nor do tiiey ililTer juuch from tlie (iaiiiu customs. Muyt of the inland inhabit;inl;> do not BOW com, but live on iiiilU and tlesli, and are clad with skins. All the Lirilains, indeed, dye them- selves with woad. which o<-casious a bhu.->h color, ami thereby have a nn>re terrible appearance in fight. They wear their hair long, and have every part of their ixxly shaved except their head and upper lip. Ten and even twelve have wives com- mon to them, and p:uticularly brothers among brotliei-s, antl paivnts among their children ; but if there bo any issue by these wives, they aro re- puted to be the cliildren of those by whom resjxjct- ively each was first espoused when a virgin. — Comincntariffi, V.. 12-14.

THE BRITONS' MODK uF WARFARE.

Their niotle of fighting wiili their chariots is this : Firstly they drive about in all directions and tluow their weapons, and generally break the ranks of the enemy with the very dread of their horses and the noise of their wheeL«, and when they have worked themselves in between the troops of horse, leap from their chariots and en- gage on foot. The charioteers in the meantime withdraw gome little distance from the battle and to place tbenifelvcs ^vith the chariots that, if their

20 JIXIUS C.^iSAR.

masters arc ovpiT>o\\-cre<l liy tho niiinhor of tli'^ on- emy, they may have a rea<ly jvtrt^at to th«Mr own troops. Tlni;i thoy display in battle the fik-c*! of horse together with tlic firmness of infantry ; and by daily pi-aetirei-.nd exercise attain toruch exi»ert- ncss that they r.n> acriistomed. even on n d»ilin- inp: and steep pla^e. to rherk their horses at full speed, and nianaicre and ttini them in an instant, and run alom; tlie pole, and stand on the yoke, and thence betake themselves with the pn-ate^t

CelcritV t^> f|i"i'' i-li-irinf-, fii'-ti'i — < 'n/vniiiitnrii's,

IV., 28.

THK rOUTY OF TlIE OAULS.

The nation of all the Gauls is extremely «levot- e<l to sniH-rstitious rites; ami on that aeeount they who are troubled with unusually severe dis- eases, and they who iirv en^r:it;ed in battles umi d:in!,'ers, either rnieritico men as victims, or vow- that they w ill sacriiii-e them, an«l employ the Dru- ids as thi* jM^rformers of thos<' f«'icrilices ; l>e<'anso they think that unless tin- life of a man ln> olTereil for the life of a man. the mind of the im- mortal gods cannot U; rendered prr.pitJouM. and they have sacrifices of that kind «>rdaine<l for na- tional purp<^es. Others have ligures of vast siz*?, the limlw of which, forminl by osiers, they fill with living men, which being set on (ire. the men jX'risb in the flames. They consider that the oblation of such as have been taken in theft, or in robbery, nr any other offence, is more acceptable to the immortal gods ; Init when a supply of that class is wanting, they h.ave recourse to the oblation even of the innooMit. . . . They l>elieve that Jnj/iter ]Kiss<ssis the s<nereignty t»f the heavenly powt-rs ; that Mars presides over wars. To him. when they have determine<l to engage in l«ittle, they com- monly vow those things which they shall take in war. When they have conqueretl. they sacrifice whatever captured animals may have survived the conflict, and collect the other things into one place. In many states you may see piles of these things lieajHi'd up in their consecrated sj^ots : nor does it often hapixn that any one. disregarding tho

JULIUS CA:SAR. 21

sanctity of tlio caw.', dares either to secrete in Ills liouse tliiii;;s captured, or tiike away llio.-c d«-jK)sit- ed ; and llic most M-vcrc. juminliuaiit, witii turt- ure, lias Ixvji csiablislied for muU u deed.

All the Gauls assert that they are descended from the gud Via, and say that this tradition has been handed d<i\vn from tlie Druid.-^. Tor that reason they compute the divisions of every i>ea£on, not l»y the number of da\8, but of nights. They keep birthdays and tlte be^iunin;;!) of monthh and yean* in .such an «'rJer that the day follows tl»e ni;iht. Am- n;^ the other us;iges of ilnir life, they di'^er in this fromalmo.-l all other nations, that tl)ey do not |>ermit their rlnldn'n to approacii them ojK'nly until they are grown up .^o as to bo able to U'ar the service of war ; aiui tlu-y ivgard it as indectirt)us for a son of Ixiyish uge to stanil in public in the presence of his father.

Whalevir sums of money the husl>and8 have receiveil in the name of dowry from their wives, making an estimate of it. they atld the same amount out of their own estates. An account is kept of all this money conjointly, and the protitii are Ijiid by : whicliever of them shall have survived the other, to that one the i>ortion of both reverta, togetlier with the protiLs of tin* previous time. Husliands have a in>wcr of life and death over their wives as well as over their children ; and w hen the father of a family, born in a more than commonly di.stingnished rank. h;is died, his rela- tions assemble, and if the circumstances of hia death are suspicious, hold an investigation upon the wives in the manner adopted towards slaves; antl, if ]»r«>if Ih" obtxiined, put them to severe tort- ure, and kill them. The funerals — considering the state of civilization among the tiauls — are mag- nitieent and costly ; and they cast into the fire all things, including living creatures, which they sup- pose to have been «lear to them when alive ; and, a little before this pt>riixl. slaves and dependant^;, who were asc-ertaineil to have l)een beloved by them, were, after the regular funeral rites were completed, burnt together v.iih them.

Thobc states which are coneidered to cbiiduct

2S JULIUS CVESAR.

their commonwpnlth more.jiulioiously. have it or- dained liy their laws tluU, it" any jK-rson ^haU liave heard by nunor and report from his nti^ddjors an}- thinff concerninj^tJiecomnionweaUh, he hhull con- vey it to the macristrate, and not impart it to any otlicr : liecauso it has lieen liisroverfrd that incon- siderate and inexperienced uieu were often ahirnied hy falf^ie reports, and driven to some rash act, or else took Jiasty nieassures in aifaii-s of tlio highest importance. Tlie magistrates conceal those thinf^ wiiich require to l)o kept unknown ; and they disclose to the people ^a hatever they de- termine to he expedient. It is not lawful to sj^eak of the commonwealth except in council. — Coni' mcntaric.f, VI.. lt^*2U.

THE liliRMANK ll.oiJ.i..-.

The Germans dilTer much frouj these usages of the (jauls ; for ihey ha%o neither Druids to preside over sacred ortu-es, uor do they pay ;:?reat regard to sacrifices. They rank in the numhcr of the gods tl'.ose alone whom they Ih-IioIiI, and by whose instrumentality they are (obviously benefited — namely, the ^5un, lire, and tlio moon ; they have not heard of the other deities even by reix)rt. Their whole life is occujjied in lumtin;; and in the pui-suits of the militaiy art ; from childhood they deA'Ote themselves to fatigue and hardships. Those who have remaineil chaste for the longest time, receive the greatest conmiendation among their people : they think that by this the physical powei^s are increa.sed and the sinews are strength- ened. And to have had knowledge of a woman before the twentieth year tiiey reckon among the most disgraceful acts ; of which matter there is no concealment, bL-cause they bathe promiscuously in the rivei-s, and only use skins or small cloaks of deers" hides, a large i>ortion of the body being in consequence naked.

They do not p:iy much attention to agriculture, and a large portion of their food consists in luilk, cheese and flesh : nor has anyone a fixed quantity of land or his own individual limits ; but the ristrates and the leading men cat;h Vear nppor-

JULIUS CjESAR. 23

tion to tlio trib<?s aiul fnmilios, wlio liavc united togetlier, as inuclj Iniul, anil in tlu" place in winch they tliink proper, ami tho year after compel them to move elsewhere. For this enactment they ad- vance nianj' reasotis : — lest sednceil iiy lonir-con- tinued custom, they may exehanpre their ardor in ■wagin;:^ war for a;j;rieultnre ; lest they may be anxions to acquire extensive estates, and tiie more powerful drive the weaker from their possessions; lest they construct their houses with too great a desire to avoid cold and heat ; lest tho desire of wealth spring up, from which cause divisions and discords arise ; and that they may keep the conj- mon people in Ji contented state of mind, when each sees his own means placed on an eipiality with those of the most powerful.

It is the gieatest glory to the sever:d slates to have as wide di'serts as ])ossih!e around them, their frontiers having been laid waste. They consider this the real «'vidence of their prowess, that their neighbors should be driven out of their lands and abandon thi-m. and that no one dare settle near them : at the same time they think that they shall be on that account the more secure, because they have removed the apiu-ehensionof a sudden incur- sion.

When a state either repels war waged against it, or wages it against another, magistrates are clios- en to preside over that war. with such authority that they have the power of life and death. In peace there is no common magistrate, but the chiefs of jirovinces and cantons administer justice and determine controversies among their own peo- ple. Robberies which are committed beyond tho boundaries of each state bear no infamy, and they avow that these are committed for the puqwse of disciplining their youth and of preventing sloth. And when any of their chiefs has